A Review on Ten Sacred Flowers in Kerala: Dasapushpam

 

Ashly Uthaman¹, Sreesha N Nair*

Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University, AIMS Health Science Campus Ponekkara, Kerala, India Pin:682041

 

ABSTRACT:

The ten sacred flowers constitute the group dasapushpam. These ten favorable herbs are used in ayurvedic system of medicine and it possesses tremendous therapeutic and potential benefits. It includes different flowers with different characters. These flowers are comes under different families like Amaranthaceae, Oxalidaceae, Sapindoideae, Asteraceae, Convolvulaceae, Poaceae, Hypoxidaceae etc which possess divine power. It deals with activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antifungal, antipsychotic, anti -rheumatic, antiarrhythmic, antidiarrheal, anthelmintic, anti-diabetic etc. It provides a well-established traditional system of medicine. Moreover they give therapeutic benefit with no side effects. The main objective of this review to provide general information about these herbs and their therapeutic values.

 

 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Medicinal plants form a major source of raw materials for drugs for prevention and treatment of some diseases¹.Dasapushpam is a word originates from Sanskrit, in which desa means ten and pushpa means flower. Keralities traditionally using these ten herbs and it is seen in Western ghats of Kerala. All these herbs have tremendous uses in our day to day life as well as they are used for decoration purposes and for making pookalam. In human life, these dasapushpas having significant role and it have valuable medicinal uses. Usually these flowers are used in ceremonies like pithrukarmas and marriages.

 

These plant extracts were widely used in ayurveda, siddha and unani systems of medicines for treating various ailments. Scientific evaluation of few of these medicinal plants have been done. The chemo preventive and cytotoxic effect are mostly reported. Nowadays, the researchers are going on to find hidden uses of plants. The 80% of Indian population depends upon these traditional system of medicine.²The use of medicinal plants are growing worldwide, because it possess lower side effects compare to synthetic drugs³. Dasapushpas and its activities are somewhat familiar to common people . Herbal formulations are safe and they are produced naturally from medicinal plants. This health care system is one of the oldest form and mostly used in herbal formulation available in India. Various phytoconstituents were present in these herbs provide active therapeutic activity with minimal side effects. These ten flowers have a unique pharmacological activities and used for various types of diseases. Among these, some are plant part which boost up the immune system in the body by using an active constituent.

 

Table no 1: List of plants used as Dasapushpam

Sl No:	Binomial Name	Common Name	Family	Vernacular Names	Native Places
1	Aerval anata	Mountain knot grass	Amaranthaceae	Malayalam:cheroola Bengali:chaya Hindi;kapurijadi Marathi:kapuri-madura Tamil:sirru-pulay- vayr Telengu:pindi-kura Sanskrit:astmabayada	India Srilanka Malaysia Madagascar Saudi Arabia Ethiopia Somalia
2	Biophytumsensitivum	Little tree plant	Oxalidaceae	Malayalam:mukkuti Bengali:jhalai Hindi:lajalu Marathi:jharera Tamil:tintanali Telengu:pulicenta Sanskrit:panktipatraTamil: kottavan Telengu;buddakakara Sanskrit;bunu-uchchhe	America East asia India Africa Southern Europe
3	Curculigoorchioides	Black musli	Hypoxidaceae	Malayalam:nilappana Bengali:talamuli Hindi:kalimusli Marathi:tal-muli Tamil:nilappanaikkilanku Telengu;nelatengu Sanskrit;musali	India Indomalasia Kerala
4	Cyanthilliumcinereum	Little iron weed	Asteraceae	Malayalam;poovamkurunnila Bengali: kuksim Hindi: shahadevi Marathi: sadodi Tamil; puvamkuruntal Telengu; sahadevi Sanskrit: sahadevi	China Bangladesh Srilanka Oman Malasiya India Indonesia,  Japan
5	Cynodondactylon	Bermuda grass	Poaceae	Malayalam:karuka Bengali;durba Hindi:doob Marathi;haryali Tamil;arugampillu Telengu;ghenicha Sanskrit; niladurva	Hawali India
6	Eclipta alba	False daisy	Asteraceae	Malayalam;kayyonni Bengali:bhangra Hindi;bhanra Marathi;bhangri Tamil:karisalnkanni Telengu:guntagalagaraku	India Nepal China Brazil Thailand
7	Evolves aisinoides	Dwarf morning glory	Convolvulaceae	Malayalam:vishnukranthi Bengali:vishnukran Hindi;vishnukrantha Marathi; Vishnukrantha Tamil;vishnukranthi Telengu:vishnukrantha Sanskrit:vishnugandhi	India Australia Indomalasia Africa America
8	Ipomoea sepiaria	Morning glory	Convolvulaceae	Malayalam:thiruthali Bengali:bankalami Hindi:bankalmi Marathi:amti-vel Tamil:maneikai Telengu;lakshamana Sanskrit:asrabindhuuhada	Thailand India America
9	Emilia sonchifolia	Lilaetasselflower	Asteraceae	Malayalam: Muyalchevian Bengali: sadimodi Hindi: Hirankhuri Marathi: Sadamandee Tamil: Muyalccevi Sanskrit; Sasasruti	China India America Africa
10	Cardiospermumhalicacabum	Love in puff	Sapindoideae	Malayalam:uzhinja Bengali:lataphatkari Hindi:kapalphoti Marathi: Shihjal	America East asia India Africa, Southern Europe

Aervalanata:

TAXONOMY⁴

BOTANICAL NAME          :               Aervalanata

KINGDOM                            :               Plantae

SUBKINGDOM                    :               Viridaeplantae

INFRAKINGDOM               :               Strptophyta

PHYLUM                               :               Magnoliophyta⁵

CLASS                                   :               Mangnoliopsida

SUBCLASS                           :               Caryophyllidae⁶

SUPERORDER                      :               Caryophyllanae

ORDER                                  :               Caryophyllales

FAMILY                                :               Amaranthaceae

DIVISION                              :               Tracheophyta

SUBDIVISION                      :               Spermatophyta

INFRADIVISION :               Angiospermae

GENUS                                   :               Aerva

SPECIES                                :               lanata

 

MORPHOLOGY:

From the studied species of herbarium and freshly collected specimen, morphological characters were measured and recorded. The characters such as shape, length of stem, position of leaves, inflorescence length and diameter. Recording of quantitative characters of each species contains ten replica. Micro morphology involves morphology of pollen grains and leaf surface trichomes. Leaves are kept in 30% lactic acid makes it soften. For photography and microscopic evaluation, lower and upper epidermis are kept in 50% glacial acetic acid. Flowering and fruiting season: November to January⁷

 

Microscopy:

Two to three layers of flattened cork cells are seen in the outermost layer. Normal parenchymatous cells are seen below the cork. Externally lied phloem consist of fibers and parenchymatous cells and xylem vessels are seen few radical rows. Xylem parenchyma cells are surrounded by xylem vessels. Pith composed of polygonal thin walled cells with conspicuous intracellular spaces. Ayurvedic properties Roots are used in the treatment of diarrhea, skin inflammation and it have antimicrobial activity. Leaves of this plant is very helpful in the treatment of stone, indigestion, cough and it also reduce kidney problems. Flowers used for the treatment of backpain and the entire plant have anti-diabetic property.

 

Plant Description:

It is also known as mountain knot grass and it is belonging to the family Amaranthaceae. The root have camphor like odor .Buikkallan or boor is the commercial name of Aervalanata. Soft spikes are the remarkable character of dried flowers. It have small white flowers and the leaves are silky in nature.

 

Fig no:1Aervalanata

 

Each plant produce five to ten small flowers with yellow petals.⁸They grown as a shrub in waste places in India.⁹The main  chemical constituents of A. lanata are alkaloid, flavanoid, phenols tannins, proteins, aminoacids, carbohydrates etc. Also contain beta amycin, betulin, campesterol, chrysin, narcissi and hemicellulose. Activities belongs to A.lanata are antimicrobial¹⁰anti -asthmatic, anthelmintic antitumor¹¹, anti -hyperlipidimic, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and diuretic. It is used to treat kidney stones, alzheimer’s diseases, anemia, arthritis, gonorrhea, headache, hepatitis etc.

 

Biophytumsensitivum:

TAXONOMY¹²

KINGDOM                            :               Plantae

PHYLUM                               :               Tracheophyta

CLASS                                   :               Magnoliposida

ORDER                                  :               Oxalidales

FAMILY                                :               Oxalidaceae

GENUS                                   :               Biophytum

SPECIES                                :               Sensitivum

 

MORPHOLOGY:

The plant possess unbranched woody erect stem and it grows up to maximum of 20 cm. leaves are pinnate and leaflets are oppositely arranged with 6 to 12 pairs. Flowers are seen as crowded and normally yellow, white or orange in color. Fruits consist of capsules which are shorter than the persistent calyx.Fruiting and flowering season :August to January¹³

 

Microscopy:

It consist of a glabrous or hairy stems from 2.5 to 25 cm height. It is an annual herb with 6 to 12 pairs of leaves. Flowers are dimorphic and are yellow in color. The fruit is a capsule which is ellipsoid. The fundamental vascular bundles consist of collateral bundles

 

Ayurvedic Properties:

It is used in gonorrheal infection, lithiasis and the decoction is advised for amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea. Powder with honey is used for glandular swellings for hypothyroidism, abnormal growths. It have activities like anti- inflammatory, antibacterial, chemo protective, immunomodulatory, wound healing and cardioprotective¹⁴

PLANT DESCRIPTION:

B.sensitivum or mukkutti is a plant having small flower with yellow petals. Five to ten flowers produced by each plant and for keralitis, it’s an important flower which has significant rolein athapoo in onam, a national festival of Kerala.

 

Fig no : 2Biophytumsensitivum

 

During thiruvathira festival also, it is used for making mukkuttichanthu. Chemical constituents of B sensitivum includes amentoflavone, cupressuflavone, isoorientin, phenolic compounds, polyphenols, saponins, essential oils pectin and polysaccharides. It have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor andanti-diabetic activity. It is effectively used in wound healing¹⁵

 

Cardiospermumhalicacabum

TAXONOMY

KINGDOM            :               Plantae

DIVISION              :               Angiosperms

SUBDIVISION      :               Eudicots

ORDER                  :               Sapindales

FAMILY                :               Sapindaceae

SUBFAMILY        :               Sapindoideae

GENUS                   :               Cardiospermum

SPECIES                :               halicacabum

 

MORPHOLOGY:

Inflated balloon like fruits and lobes are found on leaflets of the compound leaves. The plant grows up to 3m in height. Forked tendrils borne at the base of inflorescences. Flowers are borne in panicles. Each flower possesses four sepals and four whitish petals with 4mm long and eight stamens. Fruiting and flowering season :July to august¹⁶

 

Fig no : 3 Cardiospermumhalicacabum

 

MICROSCOPY:

Leaves microscopy shows prominent midrib and thin dorsiventral lamina. Midrib consist of epidermal layers, palisade cells and angular collenchyma. Vascular strands consist of thin walled xylem and thick walled phloem. In powder microscopy, cortical sclerenchyma, parenchymatous cells and lignified xylem fibers.

 

Ayurvedic Properties:

It is used for the treatment of rheumatism, nervous diseases, stiffness of limbs and snakebite. For swelling, salted leaves are used. Tea made with this leaves aids itchy skin. Leaf juice can used for earache.^{17, 18}

PLANT DESCRIPTION:

Love in a puff or ballon vine is its common name and belongs the family Sapindoideae. It is very commonly seen in Asia and subtropical Africa. This climbing plant was often found as a weed. Mixture of these leaves and castor oil are used for the treatment of rheumatism, stiff limbs and lumbago in ayurveda system of medicine. All parts of uzhinja have medicinal uses. Root have properties such as diuretic, diaphoretic and laxative effects. Chemical constituents like saponins, tannins and trace of alkaloids¹⁸.For earache, its leaf juice is effective. In addition to this, it is for itchy skin, nervous diseases and rheumatism. It is also used as anti-inflammatory and vasodepressant^19,20

 

Curculigoorchioides

TAXONOMY

KINGDOM            :               Plantae

DIVISION              :               Angiosperms

SUBDIVISION      :               Eudicots

ORDER                  :               Aspergales

FAMILY                :               Hypoxidaceae

GENUS                   :               Curculigo

SPECIES                :               Orchioides

 

MORPHOLOGY:

It is a perennial shrub having elongated fleshy roots. Leaves are 6 to 18 inch length and apex of the leaves is rooting. Fruits are capsulated, sharp at the apex and ovate in shape. The plant flowers in summer season. Fruits are shiny and oblong in shape. Fruiting and flowering season: March to May.

 

Microscopy:

Transverse section of rhizome consist of a narrow strip containing 4 to 6 rows of thick walled brown colored cork cells. Curculigo rhizomes surface with numerous yellow wrinkles. Leaves are simple, lanceolate, apex acute, parallel venation and length vary from 10 to 20 cm peripheral region having phloem consisting of a few xylem vessels having spiral and annular thickenings.

 

Ayurvedic Properties:

It is used in applying on the pile mass to give instant relief from the pain and burning sensation. Its powder is recommended for various ailments like decreased sperm count, loss of stamina and vigor, general body weakness, constipation and loss of appetite.

 

PLANT DESCRIPTION:

It is a type of forest herb also called as Golden Eye Grass.^20-22It is mostly seen in all over India.²¹ Nowadays it employs as folk medicine.

 

Fig no: 4 Curculigoorchioides

 

The exigency of nilappana is becoming rare, because of it’s over exploitation. It is widely used in unani and ayurvedic system of medicines.^{23, 24}The ayurvedic researches concerned with this plant  refers root is heating, aphrodisiac, alternative, appetizer, fattening, and is widely used for treating diseases such as piles, fatigue, blood related disorders. The report submitted by the unani systems deals with its individual parts uses such as root is carminative, tonic, aphrodisiac, antipyretic and is effective in treatment of bronchitis, ophthalmic, indigestion, vomiting, diarrhea, lumbago, gonorrhea, glee’s, hydrophobia. Joint pain, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and immunomodulatory property^25,26

 

Cyanthiliumcinerium:

TAXONOMY

KINGDOM                            :               Plantae

SUBKINGDOM                    :               Tracheobionta

SUPERDIVISION                 :               Spermatophyta

DIVISION                              :               Magnoliophyta

CLASS                                   :               Magnoliopsida

SUBCLASS                           :               Asteridae

ORDER                                  :               Asterales

FAMILY                                 :               Asteraceae

GENES                                  :               Cyanthillum

SPECIES                               :               cinerium

 

MORPHOLOGY:

Herbaceous plant grows up to 1m tall but is typically found as small herb about 0.3 m tall. 7 Green leaves of widely variable size are oval with shallow teeth along the leaf margin. Leaves are arranged as alternate with I leaf per node. Composite flowers are composed of white to purple disc florets with no ray florets. Fruits are in brown color and are small in size. Fruiting and flowering season :Summer season.

 

Microscopy:

Stems are acaulescent or caulescent. Leaves are simple and usually alternate and sometimes opposite or ternate. Anthers usually 5 in number and are purple to yellow in color.

 

Ayurvedic Properties:

Seeds have the properties like anthelmintic and alexipharmic. It is also effective against roundworms and threadworm infections. They are also given for chronic skin diseases, dysuria, psoriasis and cough.

 

PLANT DESCRIPTION:

It is otherwise known as veronica cinereia²⁷.All part of this plant are medicinally used.

 

 

Fig no : 5 Cyanthiliumcinerium

 

A number of disorders includes inflammation, malaria, fever, worms, pain, cancer, abortion and various gastrointestinal disorders. The patient with urinary incontinence is treated with juice of this plant diarrhea, stomach ache for colic, cough etc. treated with decoction

 

Cynodondactylon:

TAXONOMY

KINGDOM          : plantae

PHYLUM           : tracheophyta

CLASS               :liliopsida

ORDER             : poales

FAMILY            : poaceae

GENUS             : cynodon

SPECIUS         : dactylon

Fruiting and flowering season :In warm climate

 

Morphology:                                                                                            

A perennial rhizome can penetrate 40-50cm in clay soil. In sand, it can penetrate 70-80 cm. leaf blades are sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Inflorescence a digitate  panicle, consisting of robust form up to 10 racemes.

 

Microscopy:

Mature root composed of thin walled cubical cells with piliferous layer. 4- 16 cm angular starch grains are seen and two types of cortex are also seen and thin walled and polygonal and lignified cortex was present. In stem, vascular bundles are found as closed and scattered. Lamina is square to oval in shape.

 

Ayurvedic Properties:

From the recent studies and researches, new activities such as anticonvulsant, anticancer, nephrolithiasis, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective.

 

PLANT DESCRIPTION:

It is believed as a very harmful or competitive weed. Some herbicides are active against this plant called karuka.it saves acres of land from soil erosion.

 

Fig no 6 Cynodondactylon

 

It is seen in area of grassy land .It is highly nutritional for cattle and sheep. Medicinally useful parts are stem and leaves.²⁸

 

Emilia sonchifolia:

TAXONOMY

KINGDOM                            :               Plantae

SUBKINGDOM                    :               Tracheobionta

SUPERDIVISION :               Spermatophyta

DIVISION                              :               Magnoliophyta

CLASS                                   :               Magnoliopsida

SUBCLASS                           :               Asteridae

ORDER                                  :               Asterales

FAMILY                                 :               Asteraceae

GENES                                  :               Emilia

SPECIES                               :               sonchifolia

Fruiting and flowering season :Annual flowering plant

 

MORPHOLOGY:

Flower heads are seen as small and narrowly urn shaped to bell shaped. It have a light pink to lavender color and no rays. The flowers followed by seed heads with white, fluffy, wind bome seeds. Leaves are alternative and green in color. Upper leaves are small, sessile and sometimes coarsely loothed. It clasp the stem and have height up to 0.6 cm.

 

Microscopy:

Thickness of pith and cortex are very high. Stem is fairly thick with well-developed secondary xylem and secondary phloem. No definite periderm is seen. Secondary phloem cells are seen in the form of thin long radical cones at the end of xylem clefts.

 

 

 

Ayurvedic properties:

Leaves are used in the treatment of dysentery, eye inflammation, night blindness, cut wounds and sore ears. Root is used for diarrhea. It shows antiviral, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.

 

PLANT DESCRIPTION:

The plants have very attracting flowers and are hermaphrodite. Its pollination is done through insects. It is a self-fertile plant and for dysenteric patients. A tea made by this plant is given for eye inflammation cuts wound sore ears night blindness, its leaves juice is effective.

 

Fig no : 7  Emiliasonchifolia

It act as astringent, diuretic, expectorant, depurative, febrifuge, and sudorific, also it is effective in bowel complaints, infantile tympanities. Root juice of this plant is best remedy for diahorrea. The flower heads are also protect the teeth from decay. The chemical constituents include beta-sitosterol, palmitic acid etc²⁹

 

Evolves alsinoides:³⁰

TAXONOMY

KINGDOM               : Plantae

SUBKINGDOM        :Tracheobionta

SUPERDIVISION     :Spermatophyta

DIVISION                : Magnoliophyta

CLASS                      : Magnoliopsida

SUBCLASS              : Asteridae

ORDER                     : Solanales

FAMILY                   : Convolvulaceae

GENUS                     : Evolvus

SPECIES                  : alsinoides

 

MORPHOLOGY:

It is prostrate, much branched herb with small woody rootstock. The stem is hairy, wiry, spreading and more than 30 cm long. Flowers are light blue in color and are solitary, lanceolate and axillary.  The fruit is rounded and contains 4 seeds. The stems are 10 to 70 cm long. Fruiting and flowering season : July to November  

 

Microscopy:

They are small herbs with several branches bearing sessile and shortly petioled leaves. In root, outermost cork composed of 3 to 4 layers of tangentially elongated, thick walled suberized cells. In stem, epidermal cells covered with cuticle, long unicellular thick walled simple and glandular trichomes and stomata.

 

Ayurvedic Properties:

The whole plant is used as a febrifuge and tonic. It is also used for the treatment of syphilis, scrofula, bowel complaints and dysentery. It helps in mental, nervous, excretory and reproductive disorders. It supports building of body fluids.

 

PLANT DESCRIPTION:

It is used as hair tonic and promotes hair growth. It is useful for many diseases and is applied externally for skin diseases. Its juice is effective for mental disorders. It is widely used as a brain tonic³¹.

 

Fig no 8 :Evolvusalsinoides

 

Eclipta alba:

TAXONOMY

BOTANICAL NAME: Ecliptaalba

KINGDOM              : Plantae

SUBKINGDOM      : Tracheobionta

PHYLUM                : Magnoliophyta

CLASS                    : Mangnoliopsida

SUBCLASS            : Asteridae

ORDER                  : Asterales

FAMILY                 : Asteraceae

GENUS                  : Eclipta

SPECIES                : alba

 

MORPHOLOGY:

Leaves are lanceolate, sessile and entire and were 3 to 5 cm in length and 2 to 3 cm in width. Stem is brownish in color and are cylindrical with longitudinal ridges. It had thickness of 0.2 to 0.3 cm. Fruiting and flowering season :June to July

 

Microscopy:

Epidermis is quadrangular cells and single layered. The cortex shows presence of many layers of thin walled cellulosic parenchyma and vacuoles. Below cortex,   lignified pericyclic fibers are present. Inner most layer consists of thin walled big rounded pith layer.

 

Ayurvedic Properties:

It is used for balancing kapha, vata and improves hair growth.

 

 

PLANT DESCRIPTION:

According to ayurvedic system of medicine. it is used a sliver tonic rejuvenate and for good hair. Eclipta prostrate is used for athlete foot eczema. It is also used as anti -venom against snake bite. It is used as scalp tonic for hair care³²

 

Fig no : 8 Eclipta alb

 

Ipomea sepiaria:²²

TAXONOMY

KINGDOM            : Plantae

DIVISION            : Angiosperms

SUBDIVISION     : Eudicots

ORDER              : Solanales

FAMILY            : Convolvulaceae

GENUS             : Ipomea

SPECIES         : sepiaria

 

MORPHOLOGY:

The morphological features of uniform appearance in all the species were simple exstipulate leaves. It have 5 sepals, polysepalous, persistent. Petals are 5 and gamopetalous, petals with 5 prominent bands. Fruits are valved and dehiscent capsule

Fruiting and flowering season : November

 

Microscopy:

In root, the irregular margin of outer cork, central xylem transversed by multiseriate medullary rays, encircled by narrow phloem, wide zone of parenchymatous outer cortex. Cluster of crystals, starch grains, lactiferous cells found throughout the region of ray cells and cortex.

 

Ayurvedic Properties:

The most common use of this plant is to treat constipation. It is also used as an antidote and are aphrodisiac and have antiulcer property.

 

PLANT DESCRIPTION:

It is a perineal plant with colorful flowers in blue purple and pink. It includes in convulvulaceae family. It have aphrodisiac and cooling property. It’s juice provide diuretic activity and used as herbal shampoo. During arsenic poison, it is used as antidote. ²²

 

Fig no : 10 Ipomea sepiaria

 

CONCLUSION:

The ten sacred flowers are used for tremendous disorders and dysfunction. The phytoconstituents present in these plants such as flavonoids, alkaloids tannins and minerals provide a defense mechanism against pathologic disorders and it possess wide variety of pharmacological activities. Hence we should conserve these herbal plants and discover new activities through scientific methods.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I thankful to our institution Amrita School of Pharmacy for the facilities provided and Sreesha mam lecturer from Department of Pharmacognosy, guide me to do the review.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

Conflict of interest none.

 

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